From b5384f5ba36005c9e632fb3fd5a22943f223405c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jonas Smedegaard Date: Wed, 10 Dec 2025 14:21:44 +0100 Subject: update copyleft; add references --- overview-copyleft.md | 74 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------- ref.bib | 86 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 128 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/overview-copyleft.md b/overview-copyleft.md index 6ac98dc..d4ca2f6 100644 --- a/overview-copyleft.md +++ b/overview-copyleft.md @@ -3,18 +3,50 @@ For at vi kan begynde at diskutere etiske aspekter ved copyleft, er det nødvendigt først at klargøre, hvad copyleft helt præcist er. -Udtrykket copyleft dækker over en praksis +Udtrykket copyleft dækker over et koncept +[@Stallman2002, s. 23; @Singh2025, s. 270; @Morin2012, s. 3], +en praksis [@Chopra2008, s. 14], -et koncept -[@Singh2025, s. 270; @Morin2012, s. 3], en metodik -[@Singh2025, s. 270] -eller en mekanisme -[@Singh2025, s. 270; @Zhu2013, s. 290] -indenfor jura. +[@Singh2025, s. 270], +en metode +[@Stallman2002, s. 22], +en mekanisme +[@Singh2025, s. 270; @Zhu2013, s. 290], +juridisk jiu-jitsu +[@Zittrain2004, s. 269], +nogle forpligtelser (engelsk: [obligations]{lang=en}) +[@Honkasalo2009, s. 4] +og en licensbestemmelse (engelsk: [provision]{lang=en}) +[@Davies2014, s. 431], +altsammen relateret til deling +af især software og beslægtede digitale ressourcer. +Ovenstående er alle beskrivelser af eet og samme begreb. +Nævneværdigt omfatter begrebet ikke +er social bevægelse (engelsk: [movement]{lang=en}), +[@Broussard2007, s. 8], +Open Access licensering +[@Suoranta2017, s. 2353] +eller en licens +[@DiBona1999, s. 171] -- +beslægtede men særskilte betydninger af ordet. +Det copyright-begreb, som undersøges i denne tekst, +er altså direkte forankret i en specifik juridisk licensbestemmelse, +og samtidigt mere abstrakt end dens juridiske funktion. +Hvordan dette forholder sig gennemgås nedenfor. -FIXME: Lidt indledende om, -at denne store variation afdækkes i dette afsnit. +Sprogligt er copyleft et ordspil på udtrykket copyright: +"Proprietary software developers use copyright +to take away the users' freedom; +we use copyright to guarantee their freedom. +That's why we reverse the name, +changing 'copyright' into 'copyleft'" +[@Stallman2002, s. 91]. +Udtrykket opstod i 1984 eller 1985 +og blev oprindeligt brugt til at beskrive distribueringskonceptet +indlejret i GNU Public License, +den første copyleft license +[@Stallman2002, s. 22-23]. Funktionelt anvendes copyleft ved licenser for immaterielle produkter, primært software. @@ -31,29 +63,7 @@ at enhver form for videre distribution også skal være offentlig. [@Morin2012, s. 3; @Singh2025, s. 272; @Zhu2013, s. 290]. Copyleft kan altså ses som en juridisk mekanisme, eller som en juridisk praksis eller metodik -omfattende reciprocity og share-alike som mekanismer. - -Sprogligt er copyleft et ordspil på udtrykket copyright: -I copyleft-faderen Richard Stallmans egne ord: -"Proprietary software developers use copyright -to take away the users' freedom; -we use copyright to guarantee their freedom. -That's why we reverse the name, -changing 'copyright' into 'copyleft'" -[@Stallman2002, s. 91]. -Udtrykket blev introduceret af software-udvikleren Richard Stallmann, -Stallman grundlagde fri software og copyleft, -da han i 1980'erne startede software-projektet GNU -samt The Free Software Foundation (FSF) -[@Chopra2008, s. 12-13], -der gjorde brug af GNU General Public License (GPL) -[@FIXME: FIXME kilde - måske Kelty?]. - +omfattende reciprocitet og share-alike som mekanismer. Copyleft er altså en delingslogik, som er indlejret i immaterialretslige licenser, diff --git a/ref.bib b/ref.bib index eb7433f..ec839bd 100644 --- a/ref.bib +++ b/ref.bib @@ -102,6 +102,23 @@ crossref = {Cappelen2016}, } +@InBook{Davies2014, + author = {Todd Davies}, + title = {Digital Rights and Freedoms}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-13734-6_31}, + pages = {428--443}, + subtitle = {A Framework for Surveying Users and Analyzing Policies}, + crossref = {Aiello2014}, +} + +@InBook{Suoranta2017, + author = {Juha Suoranta and Tere Vadén}, + title = {Wikilearning}, + doi = {10.1007/978-981-287-588-4_123}, + pages = {2353--2358}, + crossref = {Peters2017}, +} + @Book{Kelty2008, author = {Christopher Michael Kelty}, date = {2008-06-09}, @@ -950,6 +967,7 @@ pagetotal = {220}, publisher = {Free Software Foundation}, subtitle = {Selected essays}, + url = {https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/fsfs/rms-essays.pdf}, file = {:Stallman2002 - Free Software, Free Society.pdf:PDF}, } @@ -1058,6 +1076,74 @@ url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/1096111}, } +@Book{DiBona1999, + date = {1999}, + title = {Open sources}, + editor = {Chris DiBona}, + isbn = {1-56592-582-3}, + location = {Sebastopol, CA}, + pagetotal = {272}, + publisher = {O'Reilly}, + subtitle = {Voices from the open source revolution}, + url = {https://www.oreilly.com/openbook/opensources/book/}, + comment = {https://da.annas-archive.org/md5/dce35989b789a64b20d1f71f1a71f04f}, + file = {:DiBona1999 - Open Sources.pdf:PDF:https\://da.annas-archive.org/md5/dce35989b789a64b20d1f71f1a71f04f}, +} + +@Book{Aiello2014, + date = {2014}, + title = {Social Informatics}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-13734-6}, + editor = {Luca Maria Aiello and Daniel McFarland}, + isbn = {978-3-319-13734-6}, + pagetotal = {574}, + publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, + booksubtitle = {6th International Conference, SocInfo 2014, Barcelona, Spain, November 11-13, 2014. Proceedings}, + booktitle = {Social Informatics}, + file = {:Aiello2014 - Social Informatics.pdf:PDF}, + issn = {1611-3349}, + journaltitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, +} + +@Book{Peters2017, + date = {2017}, + title = {Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory}, + doi = {10.1007/978-981-287-588-4}, + editor = {Michael A. Peters}, + isbn = {978-981-287-588-4}, + pagetotal = {2411}, + publisher = {Springer Singapore}, + booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory}, + file = {:Peters2017 - Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory.pdf:PDF}, +} + +@Article{Broussard2007, + author = {Sharee L. Broussard}, + date = {2007}, + journaltitle = {Communication Research Trends}, + title = {The Copyleft Movement}, + issn = {0144-4646}, + issue = {3}, + number = {1}, + subtitle = {Creative Commons Licensing}, + url = {https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/crt/vol26/iss3/1}, + volume = {26}, + file = {:Broussard2007 - The Copyleft Movement.pdf:PDF}, + publisher = {Scholar Commons}, +} + +@Article{Zittrain2004, + author = {Jonathan Zittrain}, + date = {2004}, + journaltitle = {The University of Chicago Law Review}, + title = {Normative Principles for Evaluating Free and Proprietary Software}, + issue = {Winter}, + number = {1}, + pages = {265--287}, + volume = {71}, + file = {:Zittrain2004 - Normative Principles for Evaluating Free and Proprietary Software.pdf:PDF}, +} + @Comment{jabref-meta: databaseType:biblatex;} @Comment{jabref-meta: fileDirectory-jonas-bastian:/home/jonas/Projects/RUC/LIB/copyleft;} -- cgit v1.2.3